Speaking in her office in central Kyiv, two days after the strike in Lviv, with a Ukrainian version of the iconic Rosie the Riveter poster on the wall next to her framed Nobel Prize, Matviichuk describes the collaborative process of recording atrocities.
“We have built a network of Ukrainian communicators and we work on the ground across the whole country, including in the occupied territories,” she says. “We use different sources – open data, footage collected on smartphones. We send mobile groups to collect the testimonies of victims and witnesses of war crimes.”
The result is a huge and growing database of 42,000 episodes of rape, torture, beatings, abductions, and killings – a grim record of the human cost of Russia’s war in Europe.
The data, testimonies, images, videos and witness statements will one day, Matviichuk hopes, be used to hold the perpetrators to account. But prosecuting war crimes is not simple, she warns, and she already has fears about what she calls the “accountability gap”.
The global body responsible for prosecuting war crimes and crimes against humanity is the Hague’s International Criminal Court. Some of the cruellest mass murderers of recent history have appeared in its dock, from the Bosnian Serb genocidaire Radovan Karadžić, to Rwandan Genocidaire Jean-Bosco Barayagwiza.
But the vast majority of people responsible for the killing of civilians – whether rank-and-file murderers, decision-makers, instigators of genocidal hatred, or heads of state – have not faced prosecution, and never will.
While the ICC will certainly seek to prosecute war crimes committed in Ukraine, “it will likely limit its investigations to only a few cases,” Matviichuk explains. “We know that the court selects cases, and selects several victims for those cases.”
But when the crimes are in the tens of thousands, with individual soldiers encouraged to commit acts of sexual violence, those selected cases will struggle to represent justice for everyone.
‘It means the main burden is on the national system,” Matviichuk continues. “But it’s already stuck, because we are faced with this enormous number of war crimes. It's impossible to investigate, even for the best national legal system in the world”. Ukraine, she says, “is a nation in transit”, following first independence in 1991, and then 2014’s Revolution of Dignity with its shift towards a more democratic, accountable system. “We don’t yet have the best systems.”
Strengthening existing systems and building collaboration is crucial, she argues, for ensuring crimes are prosecuted. “We have to strengthen the ability of the International Criminal Court; we have to build and involve international elements into the level of national investigation and national justice. This could be, for example, a model where national judges work together with international judges; national investigators work together with international investigators”.
Unsurprisingly, the work takes its toll on the mental health of those recording the crimes. “It’s very difficult to work with such pure human pain, so intensely and for so long,” admits Matviichuk.
The evidence
The scale and density of war crimes – even those documented and uncovered by organisations like Centre for Civil Liberties – mean that most atrocities are at risk of becoming forgotten, disappearing from the headlines in the morass of violence and suffering that has been created by nearly 18 months of war.
The fear that stories would become lost and ignored motivated the The Reckoning Project – an initiative set up by Ukraine’s Public Interest Journalism Lab – to make a film about the cluster bomb attack on Kramatorsk train station in April 2022. The strike killed at least 58 civilians, many of whom were anxiously waiting for trains that would take them to safety.
The film was screened on the year anniversary of the attack. “I looked around the audience and I was thinking: what is in the heads of the rescue workers who are seeing this horrible story,” says the Project’s co-founder Nataliya Gumenyuk. “But they were pleased their story was told. That it hasn’t been forgotten”. It has been viewed nearly 50,000 times on YouTube.
More broadly, the project is dedicated to recording war crimes and giving a voice to victims, survivors and witnesses, in order to collect evidence, but also as an act of remembrance and education.